Actualmente, la obesidad es el más importante factor de riesgo para la hipertensión arterial, diabetes, cáncer endometrial, accidente cerebro-vascular isquémico, enfermedad isquémica del corazón, cáncer de mama y osteoartritis en el Perú. La prevalencia de la obesidad el año 2007 fue 13% en la población general y 9% en la población pobre y 3% en la población extremadamente pobre. El 35% en el Perú tienen sobrepeso. En el gráfico 3 se destaca que el 33% de los pobres tienen sobrepeso.
La Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2010, muestra que el 35% de las mujeres tienen sobre peso y 16% tienen obesidad. El sobrepeso es mayor en las mujeres de 30 a 39 años (43%) y la obesidad es mayor en las mujeres de 40 a 49 años (27%). También se ha registrado que el 8% de las mujeres extremadamente pobres tienen obesidad.
Gráfico 3. Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Perú, 2007
ENAHO 2007
Las crecientes tasas de obesidad están asociadas con el consumo de dietas de alta densidad energética o ricas en grasa y por el creciente sedentarismo. Los resultados de La Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y culturales relacionados con las enfermedades crónico degenerativas, INS/CENAN (1) muestran que el consumo de fibra alcanza menos del 50% de las recomendaciones, evidencian además, que existe un consumo de carbohidratos que alcanza hasta el 134% de las recomendaciones, mientras que el consumo de grasas se encuentra dentro de los valores recomendados . En la misma encuesta se encontró que el 20% de la población adulta tiene hipercolesterolemia.
La información acerca de actividad física, proveniente del mismo estudio (1), describe que el 40% de los encuestados realiza actividad física leve (sedentaria), y entre éstos el 72% de ellos no complementa sus actividades habituales con ejercicios adicionales u otra actividad física vigorosa.
Las consecuencias de la obesidad se midieron en la carga global de enfermedad en el Perú (se muestra en la Fig. 2). La obesidad es causa importante de la carga de enfermedad de la diabetes, enfermedad hipertensiva, accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, cáncer de endometrio, cáncer de mama y osteoartritis.
Fig. 2. Carga de Enfermedad (AVISA) atribuida a obesidad en el Perú
REFERENCIA
[1] INS/CENAN. Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y culturales relacionados con las enfermedades crónico degenerativas, 2006
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